A Criticism Against the Prejudice of People Against Individuals Who Use Double Negatives in a Sentence

A Criticism Against the Prejudice of People Against Individuals Who Use Double Negatives in a Sentence In the article, â€Å"Our Language Prejudices Don’t Make No Sense, Raffaella Zanuttini criticizes the people that express anger when they hear others use double negatives in a sentence. She criticizes the proponents of civilization that fail to criminalize the expressions of prejudice against people that make mistakes when speaking English. Zanuttini claims that the failure by the civilized societies to mark the prejudicial comments against those that use double negatives as inappropriate is an indication of negative attitude towards others. The author claims that people that say they cannot stand their friends that make mistakes in their spoken language are as bad as racists that cannot stand people from other races. Zanuttini holds that since there is no scientific basis for making negative comments about the people that use double negatives, then the negative concord should be allowed as part of the English language. Zanuttini effectively uses ethos, logos and pathos to ap peal to ethics, logic and emotions. Ethos Zanuttini appeals to ethics by establishing credibility and authority over the issue she discusses in the article. She presents herself as an authority in linguistics. Using the authority, the author embarks on examining the topic as an individual that understands the rules that govern the subject. In questioning the scientific basis of criticizing the people that say â€Å"aks† instead of â€Å"ask†, Zanuttini refers to metathesis as a concept in linguistics. She says that metathesis recognizes that multiple negative elements are common in many languages and that if people that use such languages apply the same in speaking English, they should not be reprimanded (Zanuttini 1). Zunittini’s view is that applying natural phenomena that are â€Å"found across human languages† should not attract prejudicial comments that aim at portraying the speakers of a certain language as weak (1). In essence, Zunittini holds the view that freedom should cut across various aspects of life including the use of language. The author also appeals to ethics in showing her understanding of other languages where negative concord is allowed. Zanuttini quotes the Italian phrase, â€Å"non ho visto nessuno† that she literally interprets to mean â€Å"not (I) have seen no one† (1). The author’s move to interpret the Italian language is an indication that she is an authority in linguistics. The Italian sentence reveals the use of negative concord is common in the country. However, Italians allow the double negatives since they do not affect the meaning of their language. The acceptance of double negatives in the Italian language, Zanuttini argues, should strike those that claim they cannot stand such phenomenon in English to understand that there is no single grammar of English. The author’s credibility is seen in her move to explain the assertion that there is no single grammar that makes English. She says that people that criticize other’s grammar do so base on their view of the speakers and not the language used (Zanutini 2). She explains grammar as a guide that helps people to form sentences of their language. Thus, people make mental recipes that guide them to interpret and pronounce words that make sentences in their language (Zanuttini 2). By arguing that recipes are formed based on the speaker’s language, the author comes out as a credible linguist that can teach language formation and origin. The author’s use of ethos leaves the reader with no question regarding the analysis of the topic. An authority in linguistics can only criticize the author based on the linguistic concepts such as metathesis. However, the clarity in the examination of the concept indicates that the author is above board. The author’s appeal to ethics, therefore, makes the article a credible source of information regarding the issue of language formation and use. Logos Zanuttini appeals to logic by using evidence of the negative comments that people make regarding their peers’ use of negative concords. The reader may not understand the author’s views without the use of evidence. For instance, Zanuttini claims that comments such as â€Å"I cannot stand it when people say aks† are prejudicial and reveal that the person uttering them has a problem with the speaker and not the language (1). By giving an example of the negative comments, the author appeals to the logic of the readers to make them see her basis for the argument that prejudices cloud the judgment of the people that correct the others grammar. The author also appeals to logic by using evidence from Mark Baker’s â€Å"Atoms of Language† to back up her claims. She claims that language should be treated as bread given that it varies across cultures. Zanuttini agrees with Baker that grammar has hidden rules that are different across languages (2). Based on the agreement, the author suggests that there is no illogical language and that using ones language interpretation as a recipe to form English grammar is an indication of creativity. Zanuttin uses the analogy of bread to argue her point by claiming that there are many types of bread but people feel that some types are appropriate than others based on the recipe (2). Similarly, she suggests that those that use language are free to feel comfortable with certain uses of grammar and allow others to practise what they know. By arguing that no variety of English distorts other varieties, the author appeals to the reader’s logic in that those that use negative concords do not vary the grammar applied by those that do not use double negatives. Since people do not force others to take their preferred bread, then they should not use negative comments to discredit the grammar that others apply. Pathos The analogy of bread that Zanuttini uses in the article can make the reader laugh as an expression of emotions. She claims that language recipes differ minimally from each other (Zanuttini 2). The reader may think that the speakers of English literally cook the language before they speak it. The appeal to emotions helps the writer to strike the reader’s thinking to relate the analogy of bread with English language. The author’s claim that people that criticize others’ grammar say that using double negatives â€Å"sounds stupid† appeals to anger (Zanuttini 1). The author sets the reader’s emotions to hate the critics of bad grammar from the beginning of the article. Therefore, the appeal to emotions helps the author to convince the reader to agree with her. Conclusion Zanuttini effectively appeals to ethics by showing her understanding of linguistics given her analysis of metathesis. The author presents herself as a credible source by highlighting claims that show her experience with critics of bad grammar. She effectively uses evidence from other sources to back up her claims. Interestingly, Zanuttini appeals to the reader’s emotions to set them against the proponents of good grammar. Thus, the article reveals the author’s ability to appeal to the relevant rhetorical elements to win the support of the reader.

SOCIAL SCIENCES APPLIED TO HEALTH & NURSING Essay

SOCIAL SCIENCES APPLIED TO HEALTH & NURSING - Essay Example The profile of the patient can be found in the appendix at the end of this study. Like any other research study involving human a consent form is given to be filled up by the relative or the participant itself. A consent form 1 includes the following details: reason for the study; what specifically is being tested; why was the subject selected; and what exactly is required of participants. Consent form 2 includes the potential risks / potential benefits; anonymity; right to decline or withdraw; who to contact if concerns and a copy for patient ( www.nmc-uk.org, 2004 ). This paper includes a different approach in having a healthy life throughout the entire life span. The shift from treating the disease to preventing the disease has helped a lot of people understand their risk of having a disease. A person health is affected by the following factors; environment, family history, lifestyle and beliefs. The purpose of this study is to be able to convince a client that health is not merely having free of disease but it is the total wellness of an individual. There is a saying that if you are free from disease the person is healthy. There are 6 dimensions of health that will be discussed in this paper. They are the Social, Emotional, Physical, Intellectual, Environmental and Spiritual wellness of an individual. Comparison in the definition of health is discussed from traditional to Western to modern. It is better to prevent the disease than curing it, which is why government are having health promotions to educate the people on how to prevent disease. The models and different approach in health promotion will be presented and analyzed. The role of a nurse is said to be important in health promotion, one of the factor to be able to have a success in health promotion is how the nurse would play his role. At the end of this paper we will be able to analyze and advised the client as to how she will be able to achieve a healthy life span. The traditional definition of health includes the definition given by the Greek physicians; they believed health to be a condition of perfect body equilibrium. (Kirsten, 2001). The ancient Chinese believed that health was a reflection of a vital body force called "Qi"(Edelman, 1986). However the definition given by the Western medicine became the most famous definition of health focusing on the single component diseases. Not until recently wherein Health was defined by WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (Russel 1975). Health and wellness are interrelated, wellness is multidimensional, an expanded idea of health, it is a popular model used by health programs that encompasses 6 dimensions of health. Wellness is a life long process that includes the awareness of making a choice and making decisions toward a balanced and fulfilling life. Precepts of wellness includes holism, balance, lack of sufficient at tention, self-responsibility and positive and proactive. Holism is your health and well being as an outcome of the constant interaction between the natural dimensions of life and wellness. Balance is by giving significant attention to each of the dimension. Lack of sufficient attention to any one will result in less than optimal development as a person, and may lead to

Marketing research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Marketing research proposal - Essay Example It appears that this group is consuming other soft drinks in large quantities and is attracted to buying drinks for reasons other than quenching thirst. This report will outline how Pepsi-cola should conduct their research using qualitative and quantitative techniques in order to understand the current market trends. This will enable the brand to capture a larger share of the market. In Australia Pepsi competes with its main rival Coca Cola for a share of approximately $3.8Billion. It is estimated that market will continue to compound annually until 2016 by 2.5 percent. More recently market dynamics has changed with the introduction of a number of new healthier and trendy beverages. People are shifting to water and fruit drinks since these are perceived as healthier drinks. Energy drinks on the other hand are gaining popularity due to increase in their advertisement as alternative drinks. These lifestyle and behavioral changes where people are gradually shifting to taking drinks that they perceive to be healthier and trendy have adversely affected the overall sales of the Pepsi cola soft drink product line as illustrated in figure 1. As illustrated in figure 2, the largest consumer group for Pepsi is the 35-50 year old segment, however over the last ten years this group has declined, while the 50-60 year old group is showing increases. On the other hand the 18-35 year old segment has steadily declined. In other words Pepsi’s customer base is declining because of poor adoption rates in the youngest group and changes in the older group’s consumption behaviour. The question that Pepsi’s management faces is on how to reverse the decline in sales. Is it to change the advertising/communication strategy or to develop a new product that will capture the market change, that is, to produce a drink that people will perceive as healthy and